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Peru is located in the middle of the west coast of South America, bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil and Bolivia to the east, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Peru has a coastline of 2,254 kilometers and a land area of 1,285,000 square kilometers, ranking fourth in Latin America. The Andes Mountains run through the north and south of the country, with arid plains in the western coastal areas and Amazon rainforests in the east, and mountains account for 1/3 of the country’s area. Peru is divided into three regions: the western coastal tropical desert area, with a dry and mild climate, with intermittent distribution of plains, the central mountainous plateau area, with an average altitude of about 4,300 meters, is the source of the Amazon River, and the eastern part is the Amazon rainforest area, which belongs to the upper basin of the Amazon River, with high temperature and rain all year round, full of forests, vast and sparsely populated, and is a newly developed oil production area in Peru. At 6,768 meters above sea level, Mount Vascarán is the highest point in Peru. The main rivers are the Ucayali and Putumayo rivers. To the southeast, on the border with Bolivia lies Lake Titicaca, the second largest lake in South America. Peru is located in the tropics, and its geographical conditions are complex and diverse, so its climate is not a single tropical climate, but has a high degree of diversity. The western coastal region has a mild climate, high humidity and low precipitation. The northern part of the country has a relatively high temperature and more precipitation; the central part is located on a plateau and has a rainy summer with the increase of altitude and the temperature and humidity drop with the increase of altitude, which has the characteristics of “ten miles of different days”; the eastern part is hot and rainy, and the southern part is cold in winter. The average annual temperature of the capital Lima is 18.7°C, and it rains little all year round, making it known as the “city without rain in the world”. In recent years, due to climate change, precipitation in Lima has gradually increased.

The Republic of Argentina (Spanish: Rep ú blica Argentina, English: Republic of Argentina), abbreviated as “Argentina”, is located in the southeast of South America, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Antarctica across the sea to the south, Chile to the west, Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Uruguay and Brazil to the northeast, with a land area of 2.7804 million square kilometers. It is a presidential federal republic consisting of 23 provinces and the federal capital (Buenos Aires). In 2023, the population of Argentina was 46.65 million. Before the 16th century, it was a place of residence for Native Americans. In the mid-16th century, it became a Spanish colony. On May 25, 1810, the May Revolution against Spanish colonial rule broke out, and the first government committee was established. In 1812, Jose Francisco de San Martin Matola led the Argentine people to resist the Spanish colonial army and declared independence on July 9, 1816. The Federal Republic was established in 1853, and the fourth revised constitution in 1994 established Argentina as a federal state, implementing representative democracy. Argentina is a country with strong comprehensive national strength in the Latin American region. The industrial categories are relatively complete, and agriculture and animal husbandry are developed. In March 2022, the Afghan government reached an agreement with the International Monetary Fund to repay $45 billion in debt. According to official economic data released by the Argentine National Bureau of Statistics, the total economic output of Argentina in 2020 was 383 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 9.9%; The per capita GDP is 8524 US dollars. On the morning of December 10, 2023 local time, Argentine Republic President Javier Mile signed a presidential decree reducing the number of existing government departments to 9

Most parts of South America have a tropical rainforest climate and a tropical grassland climate. The climate is characterized by warmth and humidity, mainly tropical and not significantly continental. Except for the mountains, the average temperature of the coldest month in winter on the continent is above 0 ℃, and the tropical regions that make up the main part of the continent have an average temperature of over 20 ℃. Winter is much warmer than in North America. The average temperature of the hottest month in summer in most regions is between 26.8 ℃, with relatively small annual temperature differences and abundant precipitation. Regions with an annual precipitation of over 1000 millimeters account for more than 70% of the entire continent, making them the continent with the smallest desert area among all continents.

The Andes‘s history Ancient Inca civilization period The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain range in South America, spanning countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, and Venezuela, with a total length of about 7,000 kilometers. This spectacular mountain range is not only representative of South America’s natural landscape, but also carries a rich history, culture and tourism resources, and has an important impact on the environment and society of the surrounding area. The history of the Andes Mountains can be traced back to the time of the ancient Inca civilization. During this period, the Inca Empire connected the various regions of the Andes by building roads and bridges. The Incas also built many magnificent buildings in the mountains, such as Machu Picchu, Cusco, etc., which have become World Heritage Sites.Andes The climate of the Andes Because the western part of South America is at the extinction boundary of the American plate and the Antarctic plate, the plate collides and squeezes, and the tall mountain range “Andes” that runs through the north and south is uplifted, which is about 8,900 kilometers long from north to south, which is the longest mountain range in the world, with an altitude of more than 3,000 meters, so the region where the Andes Mountains are located has formed an alpine and cold climate. At the same time, due to the presence of the Andes Mountains, the climate distribution of South America is divided into two distinct parts: east and west. Animals of the Andes The fauna of these areas is as diverse as the terrain. Examples include camels, flamingos, giant otters, penguins, caimans, and Patagonian foxes