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New Guinea Island

Leave a Comment / Australia /

New Guinea, also known as Irian Island, is the largest island in the Pacific Ocean and the second largest island in the world, second only to Greenland. New Guinea Island is an island in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago, located north of Australia, in the western Pacific Ocean, and south of the equator. Adjacent to the Malay Archipelago in southeastern Asia to the west, and facing the northeast of mainland Australia across the Arafura Sea and Coral Sea to the south. The total area of New Guinea Island is approximately 786000 square kilometers. The entire island runs slightly northwest southeast. Papua New Guinea is an independent country located east of 141 ° E and on islands such as New Britain and New Ireland; To the west of 141 ° and along the coastal islands are the provinces of Papua and West Papua in Indonesia. There is very little contact between the two parts of the island, and the border treaty signed between the two countries in 1979 prohibits people from residing in the border area.

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The Ecological Environment of New Guinea Island

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The island of New Guinea is rich in terrestrial animals, including animal species from Asia and Australia, ranging from marsupials (mostly arboreal marsupials) and monotremes to rodents and even wild dogs and boars. This island is also known for its numerous birds and is known as a paradise for birds. The eating turkeys hidden in the dense forest have hard coronal protrusions on the top of their heads and flesh drooping under their necks. They are afraid of light and come out early and late to forage. They are larger birds. The color tone of the bird of paradise (also known as the wind bird) is extremely prominent, and the beautiful feathers of the male bird are rare among birds. The bowerbird, a type of songbird, builds its nest in a special “garden pavilion” and has peculiar feathers. The most unique is the camp mound bird, which does not hatch eggs themselves, but lays them in decaying leaves or soil piles, relying on sunlight and the heat of decaying organic matter to hatch. Reptiles and amphibians are more commonly distributed on the island. Mangrove swamps can be seen almost everywhere along the coast, while palm trees grow inland. There are large areas of West Valley coconut forests along the delta and river coasts of the southern coast. Most areas below an altitude of approximately 1005m in New Guinea are primitive lowland rainforests. The central plateau above an altitude of 1005m is dotted with oak, beech, and pine forests. Most areas of the plateau basin have a large amount of natural vegetation that has been cut down by farmers living on the plateau to develop relatively intensive agriculture. The central plateau is the most densely populated area in New Guinea. The foothills forest areas in the northern central plateau and the grasslands in the sparsely populated Manburamo and Sepik river basins are characterized by slash and burn farming or rotational farming. The population on the northern coast is also quite dense. New Guinea has a wide variety of plant species, including orchids, figs, and various artificial beeches. Wildlife includes many reptiles and some marsupials, such as tree kangaroos and knot toed animals. Birds are known for eating turkeys (a large, flightless bird), spectacular windbirds, and parrots. New Guinea Island is located near the equator and in the transitional zone between Asia and Australia. It is not only rich in plant resources, but also has plant species from both continents. It contains various species of the Eucalyptus and Melaleuca genera from the Australian plant area, as well as plants from the Asian tropical plant area such as the Drosera and Palmae families. Two thirds of the island of New Guinea is covered by tropical forests. Due to the high altitude of the island, the vertical band spectrum is very obvious. Generally speaking, rainforests below 900m are low-lying areas with dense forests, diverse tree species, and five levels. There are many epiphytic and parasitic plants; 900-1800m is mountainous rainforest, and some sections are mixed with Podocarpus mongolicus and Araucaria lanceolata; 1800-3000m is a mixed forest, with moss lichens covering the trees; Above is the alpine meadow; Areas above 4400m are considered permanent snow cover zones. With approximately 786000 square kilometers of tropical land, New Guinea has enormous ecological value: 11000 plant species; Almost 600 unique bird species, including the Paradise Bird; More than 400 species of amphibians; 455 species of butterflies; This includes marsupials such as bondegezou, Goodfellow’s, Huon, long beaded, tenkile, cuscus, and possum, as well as a variety of mammals. Most species, at least their origins, are shared with the Australian continent, which was part of the same vast land until quite recent geological periods. The middle and upper reaches of many rivers in mountainous areas have turbulent water flow and abundant hydraulic resources. Forests account for over 70% of the island’s land area, most of which are primitive tropical forests. Due to economic backwardness and transportation difficulties, the vast majority of resources have not yet been developed and utilized.

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Egypt

Leave a Comment / Africa /

The the Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: ج م ه و ي م ص ص ص ي), referred to as “Egypt”, is the capital of Cairo, spanning Asia and Africa. Most of it is located in northeast Africa, bordering Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, the Red Sea to the east, Palestine and Israel to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. The northern coastal region has a Mediterranean climate, while the rest of the region has a tropical desert climate. Composed of plains, valleys, and plateaus, the main resources are oil and gas resources, as well as iron ore. The total area is 1000145 square kilometers, with a coastline of approximately 2900 kilometers. The country is divided into 27 provinces. As of September 2022, the total population of Egypt is about 104 million, mainly practicing Islam, mainly the Eastern Ham ethnic group, and the official language is Arabic. Egypt is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. In 3200 BC, Menes unified Egypt and established the first slave state, which went through the early kingdoms, ancient kingdoms, middle kingdoms, new kingdoms, and later dynasties. The productivity of the New Kingdom significantly improved, and it began to expand outward, becoming a military empire. In the post dynastic period, there were internal and external troubles, and the country’s strength declined day by day. In 525 BC, Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire. Over the next thousand years, Egypt was successively conquered by Greece and Rome. In 641, the Arabs invaded and Egypt gradually became Arabized, becoming an important center of Islam. In 1517, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. In 1882, after the British occupation, it became a British protectorate. On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country. On June 18, 1953, the Republic of Egypt was established. On September 1, 1971, it was renamed the the Arab Republic of Egypt. [5] Egypt is the headquarters of the League of Arab States and a member of the African Union, playing an important role in Arab, African, and international affairs. Egypt is the third largest economy in Africa, with an open market economy and a relatively complete industrial, agricultural, and service industry system. In 2021, Egypt’s gross domestic product was 385.58 billion US dollars.

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Turkey

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The Republic of Türkiye (Turkish: T ü rkiye Cumhuriyeti; English: The Republic of T ü rkiye [14]), referred to as Türkiye, is a country across the Eurasian continent, bordering the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, Syria and Iraq to the southeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, Greece and Bulgaria, and Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east. Türkiye’s geographical location and geopolitical strategic significance are extremely important. It is a crossroad connecting Europe and Asia. Ankara, the capital, covers an area of 783600 square kilometers, with a population of 85.28 million (as of February 2023). Türkiye accounts for more than 80%, and Kurds account for about 15%. The country is divided into 81 provinces. In 1299, Ottoman I established the Ottoman Empire. On May 29, 1453, Mohammed II captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. From the 16th to the 17th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman I, it reached its peak and ruled across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Therefore, the Sultan, the monarch of the Ottoman Empire, regarded himself as the master of the world. [1] Türkiye inherited the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Islamic culture, so the eastern and western civilizations were integrated here. In the 19th century, national strength began to decline. In August 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Allied Powers in World War I, and after the war, the empire disintegrated. In 1919, Türkiye repelled foreign invaders under the leadership of Kemal. On October 29, 1923, the Republic of Türkiye was established. [1] Türkiye is a candidate of the European Union, which spans Asia and Europe and implements the European model in political, economic, cultural and other fields. Türkiye is a member of NATO, a founding member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and a member of the G20. Having a strong industrial foundation, it is one of the emerging economies in the world and also one of the fastest-growing countries in the world. In 2021, Türkiye’s GDP will reach US $802.7 billion, with per capita GDP of US $9539 and GDP growth rate of 11.0

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Middle east

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The Middle East is a historical and political region of Africa-Eurasia with no clear definition. The term “Middle East” was popularized around 1900 by the British, and has been criticized for its loose definition. The Middle East traditionally includes countries or regions in Southwest Asia and parts of North Africa. The corresponding adjective to Middle East is Middle-Eastern and the derived noun is Middle-Easterner. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs. The Middle East generally has an arid and hot climate, with several major rivers providing for irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas. Many countries located around the Persian Gulf have large quantities of crude oil. In modern times, the Middle East remains a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive region. Etymology The term “Middle East” may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office,[1] and became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term.[2] During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, a rivalry which would become known as The Great Game. Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf.[3][4] He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East, and said that after the Suez Canal, it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards India.[5] Mahan first used the term in his article “The Persian Gulf and International Relations”, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences; but it needs to find on every scene of operation established bases of refit, of supply, and in case of disaster, of security. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Persian Gulf.[6] Alfred Thayer MahanMahan’s article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20 article series entitled “The Middle Eastern Question”, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Chirol expanded the definition of the “Middle East” to include “those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India.”[7] With the series end in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term.[8] Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the Near East, while the Far East centered on China.[9] The Middle East then meant the area from Mesopotamia to Burma, namely the area between the Near East and the Far East. The sense described in this article evolved during the war, perhaps influenced by the ancient idea of the Mediterranean as the “sea in the middle”. One widely used definition of the “Middle East” is that of the airline industry, maintained by the IATA standards organization. This definition — as of early 2007 — includes Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.[10] This definition is used in world-wide airfare and tax calculations for passengers and cargo. Criticism and usage Many have criticized the term Middle East for what they see as Eurocentrism,[11][12] because it was originally used by Europeans (although Alfred Mahan was American) and reflects the geographical position of the region from a European perspective. It is also criticized due to the fact that the term today is often used to only refer to the Arab world, making the situation more confused. Today the term is used by Europeans and non-Europeans alike, unlike the similar term Mashreq, used exclusively in Arabic-language contexts. The region is only east from the perspective of Europe. To an Indian, it lies to the west; to a Russian, it lies to the south. The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Persia, Kurdistan, Afghanistan, present day Pakistan and Central Asia, Turkistan and the Caucasus. In contrast, Far East refers to the countries of East Asia, e.g. China, Japan, Koreas, Hong Kong (China), Taiwan, etc. Such critics usually advise using an alternative term, such as “West Asia”. The official UN designation of the area is “Southwest Asia”. With the disappearance of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1918, Near East largely fell out of common use in English, while Middle East came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world. However, the usage of Near East was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history, where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see Ancient Near East). So in shorter words, the term Middle East came about when the UK/French part of the world used the term. The Eisenhower Doctrine, a 1957 policy of the United States government, was the first to officially use the term Middle East.[9] Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as “the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east and Turkey on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia.”[9] In 1958, the State Department explained that the terms “Near East” and “Middle East” were interchangeable, and defined the region as including only Egypt, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.[13] The

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Iran

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The Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter referred to as Iran), with its capital Tehran, is located in the southwest of Asia, adjacent to Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Türkiye, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south, and facing Russia and Kazakhstan across the Caspian Sea in the north. The average altitude is between 900 and 1500 meters, with plateaus and mountains accounting for more than half of the entire territory. One fourth of the territory is desert, and the rest is arable land. In the north, there is the Erbos Mountains, with an altitude of 2400-3000 meters. The main peak, Damavand, has an altitude of 5671 meters and is the highest peak in Iran. The eastern region is a dry basin with many deserts, and deserts and wastelands account for more than two-thirds of the country’s area. The northern Caspian Sea and the southern Persian Gulf, along the coast of the Gulf of Oman, are alluvial plains. The eastern and inland regions of Iran belong to a continental subtropical grassland and desert climate, with drastic changes in cold and heat, dry and hot summers, and cold and windy winters; The western mountainous areas mostly have a subtropical Mediterranean style climate, with an average annual precipitation of over 500 millimeters; The precipitation in the eastern desert area has decreased to about 100 millimeters; The climate in the Caspian Sea area is mild and humid, with an average annual precipitation of over 1000 millimeters. The population of Iran is 88.55 million, mainly Persians, and Islam is the state religion. Iran is an ancient civilization with a history of over 5000 years, formerly known as Persia. In the 6th century BC, the ancient Persian Empire was in its heyday. After the 7th century AD, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and Afghans successively invaded and ruled Iraq. In the late 18th century, the Turkmen Kaga tribe in northeastern Iran unified Iran and established the Kaga dynasty. After the 19th century, Iran became a semi colony of Britain and Russia. In 1925, the Pahlavi dynasty was established. From 1978 to 1979, Khomeini led the Islamic Revolution and overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty. On February 11, 1979, Khomeini officially came to power. On April 1 of the same year, the Islamic Republic was established, and Khomeini became the highest leader of the Iranian revolution. Iran is located in the heart of West Asia, known as the “Eurasian Land Bridge” and the “East West Air Corridor”. It has a long history and rich cultural heritage, with oil reserves ranking fourth in the world and natural gas reserves ranking second in the world. It is a political, economic, cultural, and military power in the Middle East and Gulf region. Its unique geographical location and abundant oil and gas resources make Iran’s strategic position more prominent.

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The History of Egypt

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The history of Egypt began with the emergence of settlements and city states centered around the Fayoum region, dating back over 7400 years. 5150 years ago (around 3150 BC), the unification of North and South Egypt was completed, and the world’s first unified country was established. It went through 30 dynasties, including the Early Kingdom, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Later Dynasty periods. In 525 BC, Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire. Over the next thousand years, Egypt was successively conquered by the Kingdom of Macedonia and the Roman Empire. In 641 AD, the Arabs invaded and Egypt gradually became Islamized. In 1517, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. After the British occupation in 1882, it became a British protectorate. On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country, but retained the right to handle issues related to defense, diplomacy, and ethnic minorities. On July 23, 1952, the Nasser regime overthrew the Farouk dynasty and declared the establishment of the Republic of Egypt on June 18, 1953. In February 1958, it merged with Syria to establish the United Arab Republic. In 1961, Syria withdrew from the Arab League. On September 1, 1971, it was changed to the current name of the country. [1] Egypt is one of the ancient countries in the world, with a long and rich history and culture, vast and profound, and colorful. Its national identity since ancient times has been based on culture, occupying an important position in the world cultural system. Its geographical location, culture, and economy also have their own characteristics. Traditional art forms include poetry, sculpture, painting, etc. The ancient Egyptian civilization had a huge impact on later civilizations such as ancient Greece, Rome, and Judea.

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