Africa

The Republic of Madagascar, abbreviated as Madagascar, was formerly known as the Republic of Malagasia. It is an island country in the Indian Ocean in southeast Africa, facing the African continent across the Strait of Mozambique, with a land area of 592,000 square kilometers (including surrounding islands) and a coastline of about 5,000 kilometers. It is rich in mineral deposits, among which graphite reserves rank first in Africa. As of 2023, the Republic of Madagascar has a population of about 30.3 million, made up of 18 ethnic groups, with a total of 6 provinces and 23 regions, with the capital Antananarivo. The majority of the population professes traditional religions and Christianity, the national language is Malagasy, and the official lingua franca is French. The Republic of Madagascar is one of the least developed countries, with an economy dominated by agriculture, heavily dependent on foreign aid, a weak industrial base, and the largest producer and exporter of vanilla in the world. Water and land transportation is underdeveloped, and the railway is a monorail. In 2022, the Republic of Madagascar had a GDP of $15.23 billion and a per capita GDP of $516.6. The Republic of Madagascar is a Member State of the United Nations and a member of the African Union, the Southern African Development Community and the Organization of la Francophonie, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Indian Ocean Commission and the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation.

The the Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: ج م ه و ي م ص ص ص ي), referred to as “Egypt”, is the capital of Cairo, spanning Asia and Africa. Most of it is located in northeast Africa, bordering Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, the Red Sea to the east, Palestine and Israel to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. The northern coastal region has a Mediterranean climate, while the rest of the region has a tropical desert climate. Composed of plains, valleys, and plateaus, the main resources are oil and gas resources, as well as iron ore. The total area is 1000145 square kilometers, with a coastline of approximately 2900 kilometers. The country is divided into 27 provinces. As of September 2022, the total population of Egypt is about 104 million, mainly practicing Islam, mainly the Eastern Ham ethnic group, and the official language is Arabic. Egypt is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. In 3200 BC, Menes unified Egypt and established the first slave state, which went through the early kingdoms, ancient kingdoms, middle kingdoms, new kingdoms, and later dynasties. The productivity of the New Kingdom significantly improved, and it began to expand outward, becoming a military empire. In the post dynastic period, there were internal and external troubles, and the country’s strength declined day by day. In 525 BC, Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire. Over the next thousand years, Egypt was successively conquered by Greece and Rome. In 641, the Arabs invaded and Egypt gradually became Arabized, becoming an important center of Islam. In 1517, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. In 1882, after the British occupation, it became a British protectorate. On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country. On June 18, 1953, the Republic of Egypt was established. On September 1, 1971, it was renamed the the Arab Republic of Egypt. [5] Egypt is the headquarters of the League of Arab States and a member of the African Union, playing an important role in Arab, African, and international affairs. Egypt is the third largest economy in Africa, with an open market economy and a relatively complete industrial, agricultural, and service industry system. In 2021, Egypt’s gross domestic product was 385.58 billion US dollars.

The history of Egypt began with the emergence of settlements and city states centered around the Fayoum region, dating back over 7400 years. 5150 years ago (around 3150 BC), the unification of North and South Egypt was completed, and the world’s first unified country was established. It went through 30 dynasties, including the Early Kingdom, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Later Dynasty periods. In 525 BC, Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire. Over the next thousand years, Egypt was successively conquered by the Kingdom of Macedonia and the Roman Empire. In 641 AD, the Arabs invaded and Egypt gradually became Islamized. In 1517, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. After the British occupation in 1882, it became a British protectorate. On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country, but retained the right to handle issues related to defense, diplomacy, and ethnic minorities. On July 23, 1952, the Nasser regime overthrew the Farouk dynasty and declared the establishment of the Republic of Egypt on June 18, 1953. In February 1958, it merged with Syria to establish the United Arab Republic. In 1961, Syria withdrew from the Arab League. On September 1, 1971, it was changed to the current name of the country. [1] Egypt is one of the ancient countries in the world, with a long and rich history and culture, vast and profound, and colorful. Its national identity since ancient times has been based on culture, occupying an important position in the world cultural system. Its geographical location, culture, and economy also have their own characteristics. Traditional art forms include poetry, sculpture, painting, etc. The ancient Egyptian civilization had a huge impact on later civilizations such as ancient Greece, Rome, and Judea.

mineral resources Zambia has abundant mineral resources. Non ferrous metal deposits include copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, nickel, platinum, manganese, tin, iron, and gold. Zambia is known as the “country of copper mines”, with proven copper reserves of 19 million tons, accounting for about 6% of the world’s total copper reserves. Its per capita share ranks first in the world. According to Zambia’s 2020 mineral production report, copper production increased from 796000 tons in 2019 to 882000 tons in 2020. The country’s copper resources are mainly concentrated in the Copper Belt Province and Northwest Province. After decades of development, almost all copper mines in the Copper Belt Province have shifted from early open-pit mining to underground mining, and with the increase of mining depth, the difficulty of mining continues to increase. The copper mines in Northwest Province are mainly open-pit mining, but the grade is relatively low. Cobalt, as an associated mineral of copper, ranks second in the world with reserves of approximately 350000 tons. In 2020, Zambia’s cobalt production was 287 tons. Lead and zinc mines are mainly distributed in Cabwe, with a total proven reserve of approximately 4.96 million tons. Their grades contain 15% lead and 25% zinc, making them one of the regions with the richest lead and zinc grades and reserves in the world. Iron ore reserves are relatively abundant, with a proven reserve of about 900 million tons and an ore grade of 50%, mainly distributed in the central and western provinces. In 2020, the gold production was 3578.8 kilograms, and it is expected to continue to increase in the future. Non metallic mineral resources include limestone, phosphate, potassium (sodium) feldspar, wollastonite, marble, granite, and sodalite. Zambia also has various gemstones, including emerald, amethyst, diamond, malachite, garnet, tourmaline, etc. Among them, emerald production accounts for over 20% of the world’s total production, with high transparency and good quality. Forest resources Approximately 45% of the country’s land is covered by forests, and high-quality timber such as rosewood, dragon blood wood, teak, mahogany, rosewood, rosewood, bergamot wood, silica wood, and ebony are commercially available for export. Due to continuous logging, Zambia’s forests are decreasing at a rate of 100000 hectares per year. For this reason, the Zambian government formulated a policy in 2002, stipulating that logs and square timber are not allowed to be exported and must be processed into boards and wooden products to increase added value before being exported. In addition, a forest protection area of 60000 square kilometers has been designated to strengthen the protection of precious tree species. In 2012, in order to protect forestry resources, the government established 11 nurseries nationwide, cultivated 17.5 million trees, and actively called on tribes, schools, churches, and others to participate in tree planting activities. In 2017, Zambia released its seventh five-year development plan, which requires each province to ensure that the afforestation area reaches 50000 hectares by 2021. water resource Zambia has rivers, lakes, and swamps throughout the country, dense waterways, and abundant water resources. Surface water accounts for 42% of the surface water reserves in southern Africa, while groundwater resources account for 45% of the groundwater reserves in southern Africa. The main rivers include Zambezi River, Kafue River, Luangwa River, and Luapura River.

South Africa has abundant sunshine all year round, which is most suitable for outdoor activities, such as golf; its nearly 3,000 kilometers of coastline is also suitable for a variety of water sports. South Africa has a land area of 1.3 million square kilometers (34 times the area of Taiwan), a population of 50 million, and 11 official languages. What makes South Africa unique is its diversity of geographical landscapes, fauna and culture; that’s why South Africa’s national motto is “Strength in Diversity”

From the 3rd ~ 4th century, it was a part of the Ghana Empire, in the 13th century, the Aken and Mosi people established kingdoms in the north and south, and in 1471, the Portuguese colonists invaded and plundered gold, and the coast was called “Gold Coast”. In 1595, the Dutch and England invaded. In 1844, the coast was occupied by the British, and in 1901 the whole territory became a British colony, named “British Gold Coast”. Ghana declared independence on March 6, 1957, and was founded by the merger of the former British Gold Coast and the “British Togoland” taken from Germany after World War I, becoming the first independent country among the British colonies in Africa. Its first Prime Minister, Nkrumah, established the Republic of Ghana in 1960 and served as its first President. Nkrumah was one of the leading advocates of Pan-Africanism. After he was overthrown in a coup d’état in 1966, Ghana underwent a series of coups. The 1981 constitution was repealed and the formation of political parties was banned. In 1992, a new constitution was enacted, and the multi-party system was restored again. Many tribes still live in a state of “stateless society”. Other Ghanaian allegiances are to an Ashanti king (known as Asantehene) who has lost real power, believing that there is only “Ashanti nationalism” and no “Ghanaian nationalism.” Ashanti is located in south-central Ghana and was formerly a large West African country with its capital in Kumasi. Later, it was accepted as a colony by the British, and gradually went north to conquer Ashanti, forming the prototype of today’s Ghana. The Ashanti Chiefs were also expelled in 1902, but the Ghana region became more difficult to govern, so the British welcomed the Ashanti Monarch back in 1924 and held the “Ashanti Restoration Ceremony” in 1938 to restore the indirect rule of the “Ashanti Council of Chiefs”. When Ghana became independent after World War II, the British repeatedly asked for Ashanti to become independent, but the Ashanti Native King still holds a high status in Ghana. The throne of Ashanti has been passed down to the present day. Succeeded to the throne in 1999 by the current Turkish king, Otunfuvo Nana Osai Tutu II, who holds a doctorate from the United States, is known as the “modern-day King Solomon”.

Kingdom of Morocco (Arabic: The Kingdom of Morocco, Le Royaume du Maroc‎), referred to as Morocco, is a coastal Arab country in northwest Africa, bordering Algeria to the east and southeast, Western Sahara to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The north and Spain, Portugal across the sea, the capital Rabat, land area of 459,000 square kilometers (excluding Western Sahara 266,000 square kilometers), the country is divided into 12 regions (including Western Sahara), the population of 36.67 million people (2022) [31], Arabs accounted for about 80%, Berber about 20%. [1] The earliest inhabitants of Morocco were the Berbers. The Arabs entered in the 7th century. The first Arab kingdom was established in the 8th century. The Alawite Dynasty was founded in 1660 and continues to this day. [1] Starting in the 15th century, Western powers invaded. On March 30, 1912, Mozambique became a French protectorate. In the same year, France signed the Treaty of Madrid with Spain, and the northern belt and the southern Ifni were designated as Spanish protectorates. [1] Independence in 1956. On 14 August 1957, the name of the country was changed to the Kingdom of Morocco, and the Sultan was renamed King. Morocco occupied Western Sahara in 1979, and its rights in Western Sahara have not been recognized by any international state, [1] but the League of Arab States explicitly recognizes Western Sahara as Moroccan territory. Morocco considers Ceuta and Melilla, which border it, to be its territory, but are in fact under Spanish administration. [1]

The pyramid is the tomb of the ancient Egyptian king. These rulers are known as “pharaohs” in history. The devout belief in God among ancient Egyptians led to a deep-rooted belief in the afterlife. They even believed that “life is just a brief residence, and after death it is a permanent enjoyment.”. Therefore, the Egyptians regarded the underworld as a continuation of earthly life. Under the influence of this “afterlife concept,” ancient Egyptians, while alive, sincerely and confidently prepared for the afterlife. Every wealthy Egyptian was busy preparing their own graves and decorating them with various items in order to attain eternal life after death. In terms of pharaohs or nobles, he would spend several years, even decades, to build tombs, and even order craftsmen to continue sailing, hunting, feasting activities with tomb murals and wooden models, as well as the work that servants should do, etc., so that he could live comfortably and contentedly just like before his death. The function of Egyptian pyramids is not only to serve as tombs, but also to serve as ceremonial buildings during the lifetime of rulers. Initially, a small palace was built in front of the unfinished pyramid, and rulers celebrated the pharaoh’s birthday there for 33 years and every 3 years thereafter. During the celebration, the pharaoh must prove to his courtiers that he is a wise monarch and a brave soldier