Australia

The Ecological Environment of New Guinea

The island of New Guinea is rich in terrestrial animals, including animal species from Asia and Australia, ranging from marsupials (mostly arboreal marsupials) and monotremes to rodents and even wild dogs and boars. This island is also known for its numerous birds and is known as a paradise for birds. The eating turkeys hidden in the dense forest have hard coronal protrusions on the top of their heads and flesh drooping under their necks. They are afraid of light and come out early and late to forage. They are larger birds. The color tone of the bird of paradise (also known as the wind bird) is extremely prominent, and the beautiful feathers of the male bird are rare among birds. The bowerbird, a type of songbird, builds its nest in a special “garden pavilion” and has peculiar feathers. The most unique is the camp mound bird, which does not hatch eggs themselves, but lays them in decaying leaves or soil piles, relying on sunlight and the heat of decaying organic matter to hatch. Reptiles and amphibians are more commonly distributed on the island. Mangrove swamps can be seen almost everywhere along the coast, while palm trees grow inland. There are large areas of West Valley coconut forests along the delta and river coasts of the southern coast. Most areas below an altitude of approximately 1005m in New Guinea are primitive lowland rainforests. The central plateau above an altitude of 1005m is dotted with oak, beech, and pine forests. Most areas of the plateau basin have a large amount of natural vegetation that has been cut down by farmers living on the plateau to develop relatively intensive agriculture. The central plateau is the most densely populated area in New Guinea. The foothills forest areas in the northern central plateau and the grasslands in the sparsely populated Manburamo and Sepik river basins are characterized by slash and burn farming or rotational farming. The population on the northern coast is also quite dense. New Guinea has a wide variety of plant species, including orchids, figs, and various artificial beeches. Wildlife includes many reptiles and some marsupials, such as tree kangaroos and knot toed animals. Birds are known for eating turkeys (a large, flightless bird), spectacular windbirds, and parrots. New Guinea Island is located near the equator and in the transitional zone between Asia and Australia. It is not only rich in plant resources, but also has plant species from both continents. It contains various species of the Eucalyptus and Melaleuca genera from the Australian plant area, as well as plants from the Asian tropical plant area such as the Drosera and Palmae families. Two thirds of the island of New Guinea is covered by tropical forests. Due to the high altitude of the island, the vertical band spectrum is very obvious. Generally speaking, rainforests below 900m are low-lying areas with dense forests, diverse tree species, and five levels. There are many epiphytic and parasitic plants; 900-1800m is mountainous rainforest, and some sections are mixed with Podocarpus mongolicus and Araucaria lanceolata; 1800-3000m is a mixed forest, with moss lichens covering the trees; Above is the alpine meadow; Areas above 4400m are considered permanent snow cover zones. With approximately 786000 square kilometers of tropical land, New Guinea has enormous ecological value: 11000 plant species; Almost 600 unique bird species, including the Paradise Bird; More than 400 species of amphibians; 455 species of butterflies; Including bondegezou, Goodfellow’s (Tree Kangaroo), Huon (Tree Kangaroo), Long beaked, Tenkile (mountain mouse), Marsupials and various mammals such as cuscus and possum. Most species, at least their origins, are shared with the Australian continent, which was part of the same vast land until quite recent geological periods. The middle and upper reaches of many rivers in mountainous areas have turbulent water flow and abundant hydraulic resources. Forests account for over 70% of the island’s land area, most of which are primitive tropical forests. Due to economic backwardness and transportation difficulties, the vast majority of resources have not yet been developed and utilized.

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Fiji

Fiji has a mild and pleasant climate, with little temperature variation between seasons, making it suitable for tourism throughout the year. Fiji is a tropical paradise, without a true winter, it will only get warmer and warmer! Fiji is located south of the equator and has a warm and comfortable subtropical climate. The daily average temperature is generally between 26 ° C and 31 ° C, and it will be slightly cooler in cool months at night. The hot summer season will not be too hot. On larger islands such as Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, rainfall and humidity vary due to the obstruction of high mountain ranges and the main influence of southeast trade winds. The eastern region of the island has higher humidity. Its diverse landscapes and lush tropical rainforests make it an excellent destination for world-class hiking and bird watching. The western region of the island is relatively dry, with its dry forests and grasslands becoming its distinctive features, making it ideal for hiking and admiring the beautiful scenery along the way. The climate in smaller island land areas is relatively more homogeneous. Fiji is known as the “primitive paradise left behind on earth” and is the earliest place in the world to welcome the sunrise. It is also one of the five major diving bases in the world, with many bizarre coral reefs and colorful clownfish. Fiji is also a honeymoon destination, where many newlyweds come here every year for their honeymoon! It is a very beautiful island country!

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Hawaii Island

Hawaii is the largest island in the Hawaiian Islands of the North Pacific and a part of the state of Hawaii in the United States. The area is 10458 square kilometers. Population 148677 (2000). It is in the shape of a saddle. Many volcanoes. To the south is Mount Mauna Loa, with an altitude of 4176 meters, and to the north is Mount Mauna Kea, with an altitude of 4207 meters. The Mauna Loa volcano has a diameter of 218 meters and often erupts lava, making it one of the world’s famous active volcanoes.

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Saipan Island

Saipan Island is the largest island and capital of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, with an area of 185 square kilometers and a population of approximately 52200 people. The highest point, Mount Tabojiao, has an altitude of 466 meters. Currently, we mainly produce dried coconuts, as well as taro, cassava, yams, breadfruits, and bananas. We also have commercial docks and international airports. In 1944, it was occupied by the US military and became an important air force base for the US military. In 1962, it became the capital of the United States Trust Territory for Pacific Islands. On November 28, 2009, the United States federal government took over immigration affairs in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Saipan Island and its neighboring islands are located near Asia and belong to the Pacific Rim. Saipan Island has a comfortable and pleasant climate, with abundant sunshine throughout the year, fresh air, and clear water and sand. The annual average temperature is around 27 ℃, making it a paradise for tourism and vacation. Saipan’s beaches extend from west to south, with rocky and uneven eastern coasts and steep cliffs on the northern coast. This island is 23 kilometers long and 8 kilometers wide, allowing you to embark on a full day jungle adventure with ease. The entire island is littered with remnants and memories from World War II, and survivors and their families often hold commemorative ceremonies on the island. The distribution of scenic spots on Saipan Island is known as the world’s number one diving holy land, as its diverse terrain and ultra-high transparency of seawater allow divers to showcase their skills. In addition to snorkeling and diving, you can also choose various water activities such as fishing, surfing, helicopters, sailing, jungle exploration, submarines, and water parachutes. In addition, Saipan Island has four world-class golf courses and two small golf courses, all of which integrate the tropical beauty of Saipan Island. The environment is superior and it is a challenging venue for golfers, suitable for different levels of golfers.

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New Guinea Island

New Guinea, also known as Irian Island, is the largest island in the Pacific Ocean and the second largest island in the world, second only to Greenland. New Guinea Island is an island in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago, located north of Australia, in the western Pacific Ocean, and south of the equator. Adjacent to the Malay Archipelago in southeastern Asia to the west, and facing the northeast of mainland Australia across the Arafura Sea and Coral Sea to the south. The total area of New Guinea Island is approximately 786000 square kilometers. The entire island runs slightly northwest southeast. Papua New Guinea is an independent country located east of 141 ° E and on islands such as New Britain and New Ireland; To the west of 141 ° and along the coastal islands are the provinces of Papua and West Papua in Indonesia. There is very little contact between the two parts of the island, and the border treaty signed between the two countries in 1979 prohibits people from residing in the border area.

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The Ecological Environment of New Guinea Island

The island of New Guinea is rich in terrestrial animals, including animal species from Asia and Australia, ranging from marsupials (mostly arboreal marsupials) and monotremes to rodents and even wild dogs and boars. This island is also known for its numerous birds and is known as a paradise for birds. The eating turkeys hidden in the dense forest have hard coronal protrusions on the top of their heads and flesh drooping under their necks. They are afraid of light and come out early and late to forage. They are larger birds. The color tone of the bird of paradise (also known as the wind bird) is extremely prominent, and the beautiful feathers of the male bird are rare among birds. The bowerbird, a type of songbird, builds its nest in a special “garden pavilion” and has peculiar feathers. The most unique is the camp mound bird, which does not hatch eggs themselves, but lays them in decaying leaves or soil piles, relying on sunlight and the heat of decaying organic matter to hatch. Reptiles and amphibians are more commonly distributed on the island. Mangrove swamps can be seen almost everywhere along the coast, while palm trees grow inland. There are large areas of West Valley coconut forests along the delta and river coasts of the southern coast. Most areas below an altitude of approximately 1005m in New Guinea are primitive lowland rainforests. The central plateau above an altitude of 1005m is dotted with oak, beech, and pine forests. Most areas of the plateau basin have a large amount of natural vegetation that has been cut down by farmers living on the plateau to develop relatively intensive agriculture. The central plateau is the most densely populated area in New Guinea. The foothills forest areas in the northern central plateau and the grasslands in the sparsely populated Manburamo and Sepik river basins are characterized by slash and burn farming or rotational farming. The population on the northern coast is also quite dense. New Guinea has a wide variety of plant species, including orchids, figs, and various artificial beeches. Wildlife includes many reptiles and some marsupials, such as tree kangaroos and knot toed animals. Birds are known for eating turkeys (a large, flightless bird), spectacular windbirds, and parrots. New Guinea Island is located near the equator and in the transitional zone between Asia and Australia. It is not only rich in plant resources, but also has plant species from both continents. It contains various species of the Eucalyptus and Melaleuca genera from the Australian plant area, as well as plants from the Asian tropical plant area such as the Drosera and Palmae families. Two thirds of the island of New Guinea is covered by tropical forests. Due to the high altitude of the island, the vertical band spectrum is very obvious. Generally speaking, rainforests below 900m are low-lying areas with dense forests, diverse tree species, and five levels. There are many epiphytic and parasitic plants; 900-1800m is mountainous rainforest, and some sections are mixed with Podocarpus mongolicus and Araucaria lanceolata; 1800-3000m is a mixed forest, with moss lichens covering the trees; Above is the alpine meadow; Areas above 4400m are considered permanent snow cover zones. With approximately 786000 square kilometers of tropical land, New Guinea has enormous ecological value: 11000 plant species; Almost 600 unique bird species, including the Paradise Bird; More than 400 species of amphibians; 455 species of butterflies; This includes marsupials such as bondegezou, Goodfellow’s, Huon, long beaded, tenkile, cuscus, and possum, as well as a variety of mammals. Most species, at least their origins, are shared with the Australian continent, which was part of the same vast land until quite recent geological periods. The middle and upper reaches of many rivers in mountainous areas have turbulent water flow and abundant hydraulic resources. Forests account for over 70% of the island’s land area, most of which are primitive tropical forests. Due to economic backwardness and transportation difficulties, the vast majority of resources have not yet been developed and utilized.

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New Guinea

New Guinea, also known as Irian Island, is the largest island in the Pacific Ocean and the second largest island in the world, second only to Greenland. New Guinea Island is an island in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago, located north of Australia, in the western Pacific Ocean, and south of the equator. Adjacent to the Malay Archipelago in southeastern Asia to the west, and facing the northeast of mainland Australia across the Arafura Sea and Coral Sea to the south. The total area of New Guinea Island is approximately 786000 square kilometers. The entire island runs slightly northwest southeast. Papua New Guinea is an independent country located east of 141 ° E and on islands such as New Britain and New Ireland; To the west of 141 ° and along the coastal islands are the provinces of Papua and West Papua in Indonesia. There is very little contact between the two parts of the island, and the border treaty signed between the two countries in 1979 prohibits people from residing in the border area.

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Australia Economy

The Commonwealth of Australia, referred to as Australia, Canberra, the capital, 2022 per capita GDP of $65543. [27] Located between the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, it consists of the Australian mainland, islands such as Tasmania, and overseas territories. The Coral Sea and Tasman Sea bordering the Pacific Ocean to the east, and the Indian Ocean and its marginal seas to the north, west and south. The total area is 7,692,000 square kilometers, and the coastline is 36,735 kilometers. The climate in the north is tropical and mostly temperate. The country is divided into 6 states and 2 territories. As of July 2023, the population of Australia is 26.39 million people, 74% of whom are of British and Irish descent, the official language is English, and the majority of residents believe in Christianity. Australia was first inhabited by Aborigines. In 1770, the English navigator James Cook arrived on the east coast of Australia and claimed the land for England. On January 26, 1788, the British began to establish a colony in Australia, which was later designated as Australia Day. In July 1900, the British Parliament passed the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia and the British Dominion Ordinance. On 1 January 1901, the colonies of Australia became states, and in October of the same year, the Commonwealth of Australia was established. In 1931, Australia became an independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations. As a developed modern industrial country, Australia is the most economically developed country in the southern hemisphere, the fourth largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, and an important producer and exporter of mineral products in the world. Agriculture, animal husbandry and mining are traditional industries, manufacturing and high-tech industries have developed rapidly, service has become the leading industry of the national economy, foreign trade has been developed, and the economy has maintained rapid growth. Australia’s social environment is stable, the financial system is regulated, the fiscal year 2021/2022, Australia’s GDP is 2.1 trillion Australian dollars.

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Introduction of Australia

The Commonwealth of Australia, commonly known as Australia, is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy and federal country located in the central northern part of the Southern Hemisphere and the eastern part of the Eastern Hemisphere. The whole country belongs to Oceania (not a separate continent), which is the largest in terms of area, the second largest in the southern hemisphere, and the sixth largest in terms of global area. The Australian territory includes several overseas islands including the entire Australian continent, Tasmania Island, and Christmas Island, with a total land area of approximately 7692300 square kilometers, which is similar in size to the mainland of the United States. According to the 2019 census data, the national population is approximately 25.22 million, ranking 54th in the world. The country has no land neighbors, and all neighboring countries face it across the sea. In the southeast, there is the Kingdom of New Zealand; In the northeast, there are Pacific island countries such as Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu, Fiji, etc; The north and northwest are Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and East Timor. The capital of Australia is Canberra, with the largest cities being Sydney (metropolitan area) [19] and Melbourne (urban area) [20] [21] [22]. Other major cities include Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Darwin, etc. The mainland is divided into six states and two territories. In terms of economic and social development, it belongs to both developed and capitalist countries. The continent on which Australia is located had human habitation in ancient times, but it was not discovered until the Age of Discovery in the 17th century that it was connected with external human society. It began to become a place for British colonization and prisoner exile in the late 18th century, and later became a hot topic for immigrants and investment due to the discovery of precious minerals. Thanks to its relatively isolated geographical location, Australia has hardly been affected by international wars since its colonization, and there have been few internal wars and conflicts. Only the northern city of Darwin was affected by the Second World War. However, during the two World Wars and the Korean War, Australian soldiers went to major battlefields such as Europe and the Korean Peninsula to support military operations by countries and organizations such as the United Kingdom and the United Nations. In the benign development environment composed of its own resource endowment, the mature modern industrial and agricultural civilization implanted in Europe, and the good commercial regulations brought by the UK, Australia has gradually been built and developed into a developed country with a level of freedom and democracy, socio-economic development, and national living standards that are among the top in the world since the mid to late 19th century. However, the indigenous people on the Australian continent have suffered greatly in some aspects as a result (including incidents such as the “stolen generation”). The Australian federal government has since apologized for this and gradually worked to improve and protect the living and development conditions and various rights of the indigenous people. The situation has greatly improved to this day. The independence movement and process in Australia began in 1901, with the original six British colonies (now known as states) forming the Commonwealth of Australia. From then on, Australia gradually separated from Britain and independently exercised its sovereignty as a country, until it officially became an independent country through legislation in 1986. Constitutional monarchy

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Australia

The blue sky, bright sunshine, and pleasant climate. Extreme temperatures have never occurred here, so Australia is an ideal tourist destination at any time. Whether skiing in the Alps of Australia from June to September or vacationing on beaches in Queensland at any time of the year, it is a great choice. The winter climate in Australia is mild, and in Sydney, the typical winter climate is around 16 degrees Celsius. Desert boulders (such as Ayas Rock in the Northern Territory), to coral reefs (such as the Great Barrier Reef on the Queensland Coast), beautiful coastline (such as the Twelve Apostles Rock on the Victoria Coast), to white beaches (such as Rotanas Island near Perth, Western Australia), stunning mountain scenery (such as the Blue Mountains in New South Wales), to picturesque river valleys (such as the Murray River in South Australia). Tropical forests listed as World Heritage Sites (such as Tasmanian Wilderness), to snowfields (such as Kosseusko National Park in New South Wales).

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