The Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter referred to as Iran), with its capital Tehran, is located in the southwest of Asia, adjacent to Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Türkiye, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south, and facing Russia and Kazakhstan across the Caspian Sea in the north. The average altitude is between 900 and 1500 meters, with plateaus and mountains accounting for more than half of the entire territory. One fourth of the territory is desert, and the rest is arable land. In the north, there is the Erbos Mountains, with an altitude of 2400-3000 meters. The main peak, Damavand, has an altitude of 5671 meters and is the highest peak in Iran. The eastern region is a dry basin with many deserts, and deserts and wastelands account for more than two-thirds of the country’s area. The northern Caspian Sea and the southern Persian Gulf, along the coast of the Gulf of Oman, are alluvial plains.
The eastern and inland regions of Iran belong to a continental subtropical grassland and desert climate, with drastic changes in cold and heat, dry and hot summers, and cold and windy winters; The western mountainous areas mostly have a subtropical Mediterranean style climate, with an average annual precipitation of over 500 millimeters; The precipitation in the eastern desert area has decreased to about 100 millimeters; The climate in the Caspian Sea area is mild and humid, with an average annual precipitation of over 1000 millimeters.
The population of Iran is 88.55 million, mainly Persians, and Islam is the state religion. Iran is an ancient civilization with a history of over 5000 years, formerly known as Persia. In the 6th century BC, the ancient Persian Empire was in its heyday. After the 7th century AD, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and Afghans successively invaded and ruled Iraq. In the late 18th century, the Turkmen Kaga tribe in northeastern Iran unified Iran and established the Kaga dynasty. After the 19th century, Iran became a semi colony of Britain and Russia. In 1925, the Pahlavi dynasty was established. From 1978 to 1979, Khomeini led the Islamic Revolution and overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty. On February 11, 1979, Khomeini officially came to power. On April 1 of the same year, the Islamic Republic was established, and Khomeini became the highest leader of the Iranian revolution. Iran is located in the heart of West Asia, known as the “Eurasian Land Bridge” and the “East West Air Corridor”. It has a long history and rich cultural heritage, with oil reserves ranking fourth in the world and natural gas reserves ranking second in the world. It is a political, economic, cultural, and military power in the Middle East and Gulf region. Its unique geographical location and abundant oil and gas resources make Iran’s strategic position more prominent.